@article {905891,
	title = {Ultrafast Evolution and Loss of CRISPRs Following a Host Shift in a Novel Wildlife Pathogen, Mycoplasma gallisepticum},
	journal = {PLoS Genetics},
	volume = {8},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {e1002511},
	publisher = {Public Library of Science},
	type = {doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002511},
	abstract = {<p>Author Summary</p>
<p>Documenting the evolutionary changes occurring in pathogens when they switch hosts is important for understanding mechanisms of adaptation and rates of evolution. We took advantage of a novel host{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\`\i}pathogen system involving a bacterial pathogen (Mycoplasma gallisepticum, or MG) and a songbird host, the House Finch, to study genome-wide changes during a host-shift. Around 1994, biologists noticed that House Finches were contracting conjunctivitis and MG from poultry was discovered to be the cause. The resulting epizootic was one of the best documented for a wildlife species, partly as a result of thousands of citizen science observers. We sequenced the genomes of 12 House Finch MG strains sampled throughout the epizootic, from 1994{\quotesinglbase}{\"A}{\`\i}2007, as well as four additional putatively ancestral poultry MG strains. Using this serial sample, we estimate a remarkably high rate of substitution, consistent with past implications that mycoplasmas are among the fastest evolving bacteria. We also find that an array of likely phage-derived sequences known as CRISPRs has degraded and ceased to recruit new repeats in the House Finch MG strains, as compared to the poultry strains in which it is diverse and rapidly evolving. This suggests that phage dynamics might be important in the dynamics of MG infection.</p>},
	author = {Delaney, Nigel F. and Balenger, Susan and Bonneaud, Camille and Marx, Christopher J. and Hill, Geoffrey E. and Ferguson-Noel, Naola and Tsai, Peter and Rodrigo, Allen and Edwards, Scott V.}
}
